How do velocity and acceleration differ?

Velocity is the rate of change of position. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
In other words, velocity tells you how an object's position changes over time. Acceleration will tell you how the velocity of an object is changing in time.
In terms of calculus, we can formulate the following relation for a velocity function v(t), and an acceleration function a(t):
${\displaystyle \Rightarrow a\left(t\right)=\frac{dv\left(t\right)}{dt}}$
or equivalently
${\displaystyle \Rightarrow v\left(t\right)=\int a\left(t\right)dt}$
The units of velocity are ${\displaystyle \frac{\text{m}}{\text{s}}}$
The units of acceleration are ${\displaystyle \frac{\text{m}}{{\text{s}}^2}}$