# A February 2007 Gallup Poll question asked, “In politics, as of today, do you consider yourself a Republican, a Democrat, or an Independent?” The possible responses were "Democrat". "Republican". “Independent”, “Other”, and “No Response”. What kind of variable to the response?

Question
Analyzing categorical data
A February 2007 Gallup Poll question asked, “In politics, as of today, do you consider yourself a Republican, a Democrat, or an Independent?” The possible responses were "Democrat". "Republican". “Independent”, “Other”, and “No Response”. What kind of variable to the response?

2020-10-19
The variables are the topics that were investigated.
Categorical/qualitative variables places the individuals into a category, while a quantitative variable is a numerical variable.
In this cnse, the variable is the response to the questions. This variable is categorical, because the categories are” Democrat”, ” Republican”, "Independent” * Other”, and “No Response”.
Categorical

### Relevant Questions

A January 2007 Gallup Poll question asked, "In general, do you think things have gotten better or gotten worse in this country in the last five years?" Possible answers were “Better”, "Worse”, "No Change", “Don't Know”, and “No Response". What kind of variable is the response?
The Bureau of Transportation Statistics Omnibus Household Survey is conducted annually and serves as an information source for the U.S. Department of Transportation. In one part of the survey the person being interviewed was asked to respond to the following statement: "Drivers of motor vehicles should be allowed to talk on a hand-held cell phone while driving." Possible responses were strongly agree, some what agree, some what disagree, and strongly disagree. Forty-four respondents said that they strongly agree with this statement, 120 said that they some what agree, 165 said they some what disagree, and 755 said they strongly disagree with this statement.
Do the responses for this statement provide categorical or quantitative data?
The Kroger Company is one of the largest grocery retailers in the United States, with over 2000 grocery stores across the country. Kroger uses an online customer opinion questionnaire to obtain performance data about its products and services and learn about what motivates its customers (Kroger website, April 2012). In the survey, Kroger customers were asked if they would be willing to pay more for products that had each of the following four characteristics.
The four questions were: Would you pay more for:
products that have a brand name?
products that are environmentally friendly?
products that are organic?
products that have been recommended by others?
For each question, the customers had the option of responding Yes if they would pay more or No if they would not pay more.
a. Are the data collected by Kroger in this example categorical or quantitative?

A random sample of 88 U.S. 11th- and 12th-graders was selected. The two-way table summarizes the gender of the students and their response to the question "Do you have allergies?" Suppose we choose a student from this group at random.

$$\begin{array}{c|cc|c} & \text { Female } & \text { Male } & \text { Total } \\ \hline \text{ Yes } & 19 & 15 & 34 \\ \text{ No } & 24 & 30 & 54 \\ \hline \text{ Total } & 43 & 45 & 88\\ \end{array}$$
What is the probability that the student is female or has allergies?
$$(a)\frac{19}{88}$$
(b)$$\frac{39}{88}$$
(c)$$\frac{58}{88}$$
(d)$$\frac{77}{88}$$

In an exit poll during the 2004 presidential election, voters were asked to name the issue that most affected their vote for a candidate for presidency. The following table summarizes their responses.
Moral Values: 22%
Economy/jobs: 20%
Terrorism: 19%
Iraq: 15%
Health Care: 8%
Taxes: 5%
Education: 4%
As you will notice, these percentages add up to 93%. Assume that the remaining 7% of these voters names other issues and let us denote these issues as Other. Draw a bar graph to display these data.
The dominant form of drag experienced by vehicles (bikes, cars,planes, etc.) at operating speeds is called form drag. Itincreases quadratically with velocity (essentially because theamount of air you run into increase with v and so does the amount of force you must exert on each small volume of air). Thus
$$\displaystyle{F}_{{{d}{r}{u}{g}}}={C}_{{d}}{A}{v}^{{2}}$$
where A is the cross-sectional area of the vehicle and $$\displaystyle{C}_{{d}}$$ is called the coefficient of drag.
Part A:
Consider a vehicle moving with constant velocity $$\displaystyle\vec{{{v}}}$$. Find the power dissipated by form drag.
Express your answer in terms of $$\displaystyle{C}_{{d}},{A},$$ and speed v.
Part B:
A certain car has an engine that provides a maximum power $$\displaystyle{P}_{{0}}$$. Suppose that the maximum speed of thee car, $$\displaystyle{v}_{{0}}$$, is limited by a drag force proportional to the square of the speed (as in the previous part). The car engine is now modified, so that the new power $$\displaystyle{P}_{{1}}$$ is 10 percent greater than the original power ($$\displaystyle{P}_{{1}}={110}\%{P}_{{0}}$$).
Assume the following:
The top speed is limited by air drag.
The magnitude of the force of air drag at these speeds is proportional to the square of the speed.
By what percentage, $$\displaystyle{\frac{{{v}_{{1}}-{v}_{{0}}}}{{{v}_{{0}}}}}$$, is the top speed of the car increased?
Express the percent increase in top speed numerically to two significant figures.
A wallstreet journal subcriber survey asked 46 questions about subcribers characteristics and interest. State whether each of the following questions provides categorical or quantitative data.
b. Are you male or females?
c. When did you first start reading the WSJ? High school , college, early career, midcareer, late career, or retirement?
d. How long have you been in your present job or position?
e. What type of vehicle are you considering for you next purchase? Nine response categories include sedan, sports car, SUV, minivan, and so on.
The table below shows the number of people for three different race groups who were shot by police that were either armed or unarmed. These values are very close to the exact numbers. They have been changed slightly for each student to get a unique problem.
Suspect was Armed:
Black - 543
White - 1176
Hispanic - 378
Total - 2097
Suspect was unarmed:
Black - 60
White - 67
Hispanic - 38
Total - 165
Total:
Black - 603
White - 1243
Hispanic - 416
Total - 2262
Give your answer as a decimal to at least three decimal places.
a) What percent are Black?
b) What percent are Unarmed?
c) In order for two variables to be Independent of each other, the P $$(A and B) = P(A) \cdot P(B) P(A and B) = P(A) \cdot P(B).$$
This just means that the percentage of times that both things happen equals the individual percentages multiplied together (Only if they are Independent of each other).
Therefore, if a person's race is independent of whether they were killed being unarmed then the percentage of black people that are killed while being unarmed should equal the percentage of blacks times the percentage of Unarmed. Let's check this. Multiply your answer to part a (percentage of blacks) by your answer to part b (percentage of unarmed).
Remember, the previous answer is only correct if the variables are Independent.
d) Now let's get the real percent that are Black and Unarmed by using the table?
If answer c is "significantly different" than answer d, then that means that there could be a different percentage of unarmed people being shot based on race. We will check this out later in the course.
Let's compare the percentage of unarmed shot for each race.
e) What percent are White and Unarmed?
f) What percent are Hispanic and Unarmed?
If you compare answers d, e and f it shows the highest percentage of unarmed people being shot is most likely white.
Why is that?
This is because there are more white people in the United States than any other race and therefore there are likely to be more white people in the table. Since there are more white people in the table, there most likely would be more white and unarmed people shot by police than any other race. This pulls the percentage of white and unarmed up. In addition, there most likely would be more white and armed shot by police. All the percentages for white people would be higher, because there are more white people. For example, the table contains very few Hispanic people, and the percentage of people in the table that were Hispanic and unarmed is the lowest percentage.
Think of it this way. If you went to a college that was 90% female and 10% male, then females would most likely have the highest percentage of A grades. They would also most likely have the highest percentage of B, C, D and F grades
The correct way to compare is "conditional probability". Conditional probability is getting the probability of something happening, given we are dealing with just the people in a particular group.
g) What percent of blacks shot and killed by police were unarmed?
h) What percent of whites shot and killed by police were unarmed?
i) What percent of Hispanics shot and killed by police were unarmed?
You can see by the answers to part g and h, that the percentage of blacks that were unarmed and killed by police is approximately twice that of whites that were unarmed and killed by police.
j) Why do you believe this is happening?
Do a search on the internet for reasons why blacks are more likely to be killed by police. Read a few articles on the topic. Write your response using the articles as references. Give the websites used in your response. Your answer should be several sentences long with at least one website listed. This part of this problem will be graded after the due date.
A survey of 4826 randomly selected young adults (aged 19 to 25 ) asked, "What do you think are the chances you will have much more than a middle-class income at age 30?" The two-way table summarizes the responses. $$\begin{array} {lc} & \text{Gender} \ \text {Opinion} & \begin{array}{l|c|c|c} & Female & Male & Total \\ \hline \text{Almost no chance} & 96 & 98 & 194 \\ \hline \begin{array}{l} \text{Some chance but} \\ \text{probably not} \end{array} & 426 & 286 & 712 \\ \hline A\ 50-50\ chance & 696 & 720 & 1416 \\ \hline \text{A good chance} & 663 & 758 & 1421 \\ \hline \text{Almost certain} & 486 & 597 & 1083 \\ \hline Total & 2367 & 2459 & 4826 \end{array}\ \end{array}$$