Comparing the factor variance and error variance with an ANOVA analyse indicate that whether gropups coming from the two \(\displaystyle{p}{o}{p}^{{{n}}}{s}\)
with same variance (i.e. same \(\displaystyle{p}{o}{p}^{{{n}}}{s}){}{\quad\text{or}\quad} difference\ {p}{o}{p}^{{{n}}}{s}.\)
This is done by wing F statistic. at the calculated F statistic in less than tabulated a critical F(obtained from F-table) then groups coming from same \(\displaystyle{p}{o}{p}^{{{n}}}{s}\).
Describe why comparing the factor variance and error variance with an ANOVA analysis will indicate if groups come from the same or different populations.
Describe why comparing the factor variance and error variance with an ANOVA analysis will indicate if groups come from the same or different populations.
Question
Answers (1)
2021-02-25
Relevant Questions
asked 2020-11-08
Give a ffull answer its true or false: When an ANOVA comparing the means of 3 groups indicates that at least one group is different from the others, a common follow-up analysis to determine which group(s) is (are) different is pairwise two-sample t-tests each assessed using
i) the pooled standard deviation when calculating the standard error for the difference in means and
ii) a Bonferonni-corrected alpha level of 0.0167 to control the type I error rate for the overall inference to 5%
asked 2021-01-28
Indicate true or false for the following statements. If false, specify what change will make the statement true.
a) In the two-sample t test, the number of degrees of freedom for the test statistic increases as sample sizes increase.
b) When the means of two independent samples are used to to compare two population means, we are dealing with dependent (paired) samples.
c) The \(\displaystyle{x}^{{{2}}}\) distribution is used for making inferences about two population variances.
d) The standard normal (z) score may be used for inferences concerning population proportions.
e) The F distribution is symmetric and has a mean of 0.
f) The pooled variance estimate is used when comparing means of two populations using independent samples.
g) It is not necessary to have equal sample sizes for the paired t test.
a) In the two-sample t test, the number of degrees of freedom for the test statistic increases as sample sizes increase.
b) When the means of two independent samples are used to to compare two population means, we are dealing with dependent (paired) samples.
c) The \(\displaystyle{x}^{{{2}}}\) distribution is used for making inferences about two population variances.
d) The standard normal (z) score may be used for inferences concerning population proportions.
e) The F distribution is symmetric and has a mean of 0.
f) The pooled variance estimate is used when comparing means of two populations using independent samples.
g) It is not necessary to have equal sample sizes for the paired t test.
asked 2021-01-02
The ANOVA technique is designed to evaluate the null hypothesis that:
a) Two populations have equal variance
b) The mean of each treatment group is no different from the mean of the pooled population
c) The mean square error (MSE) of the treatment group is larger than the overall MSE
Write down the sum of squares decomposition and explain, briefly, in your own words how the sum of squares decomposition is used to conduct statistical inference in ANOVA.
asked 2021-05-05
The bulk density of soil is defined as the mass of dry solidsper unit bulk volume. A high bulk density implies a compact soilwith few pores. Bulk density is an important factor in influencing root development, seedling emergence, and aeration. Let X denotethe bulk density of Pima clay loam. Studies show that X is normally distributed with \(\displaystyle\mu={1.5}\) and \(\displaystyle\sigma={0.2}\frac{{g}}{{c}}{m}^{{3}}\).
(a) What is thedensity for X? Sketch a graph of the density function. Indicate onthis graph the probability that X lies between 1.1 and 1.9. Findthis probability.
(b) Find the probability that arandomly selected sample of Pima clay loam will have bulk densityless than \(\displaystyle{0.9}\frac{{g}}{{c}}{m}^{{3}}\).
(c) Would you be surprised if a randomly selected sample of this type of soil has a bulkdensity in excess of \(\displaystyle{2.0}\frac{{g}}{{c}}{m}^{{3}}\)? Explain, based on theprobability of this occurring.
(d) What point has the property that only 10% of the soil samples have bulk density this high orhigher?
(e) What is the moment generating function for X?
(a) What is thedensity for X? Sketch a graph of the density function. Indicate onthis graph the probability that X lies between 1.1 and 1.9. Findthis probability.
(b) Find the probability that arandomly selected sample of Pima clay loam will have bulk densityless than \(\displaystyle{0.9}\frac{{g}}{{c}}{m}^{{3}}\).
(c) Would you be surprised if a randomly selected sample of this type of soil has a bulkdensity in excess of \(\displaystyle{2.0}\frac{{g}}{{c}}{m}^{{3}}\)? Explain, based on theprobability of this occurring.
(d) What point has the property that only 10% of the soil samples have bulk density this high orhigher?
(e) What is the moment generating function for X?
asked 2021-02-25
We will now add support for register-memory ALU operations to the classic five-stage RISC pipeline. To offset this increase in complexity, all memory addressing will be restricted to register indirect (i.e., all addresses are simply a value held in a register; no offset or displacement may be added to the register value). For example, the register-memory instruction add x4, x5, (x1) means add the contents of register x5 to the contents of the memory location with address equal to the value in register x1 and put the sum in register x4. Register-register ALU operations are unchanged. The following items apply to the integer RISC pipeline:
a. List a rearranged order of the five traditional stages of the RISC pipeline that will support register-memory operations implemented exclusively by register indirect addressing.
b. Describe what new forwarding paths are needed for the rearranged pipeline by stating the source, destination, and information transferred on each needed new path.
c. For the reordered stages of the RISC pipeline, what new data hazards are created by this addressing mode? Give an instruction sequence illustrating each new hazard.
d. List all of the ways that the RISC pipeline with register-memory ALU operations can have a different instruction count for a given program than the original RISC pipeline. Give a pair of specific instruction sequences, one for the original pipeline and one for the rearranged pipeline, to illustrate each way.
Hint for (d): Give a pair of instruction sequences where the RISC pipeline has “more” instructions than the reg-mem architecture. Also give a pair of instruction sequences where the RISC pipeline has “fewer” instructions than the reg-mem architecture.
a. List a rearranged order of the five traditional stages of the RISC pipeline that will support register-memory operations implemented exclusively by register indirect addressing.
b. Describe what new forwarding paths are needed for the rearranged pipeline by stating the source, destination, and information transferred on each needed new path.
c. For the reordered stages of the RISC pipeline, what new data hazards are created by this addressing mode? Give an instruction sequence illustrating each new hazard.
d. List all of the ways that the RISC pipeline with register-memory ALU operations can have a different instruction count for a given program than the original RISC pipeline. Give a pair of specific instruction sequences, one for the original pipeline and one for the rearranged pipeline, to illustrate each way.
Hint for (d): Give a pair of instruction sequences where the RISC pipeline has “more” instructions than the reg-mem architecture. Also give a pair of instruction sequences where the RISC pipeline has “fewer” instructions than the reg-mem architecture.
asked 2021-02-25
Give a full and correct answer
Why is it important that a sample be random and representative when conducting hypothesis testing?
Representative Sample vs. Random Sample: An Overview
Economists and researchers seek to reduce sampling bias to near negligible levels when employing statistical analysis. Three basic characteristics in a sample reduce the chances of sampling bias and allow economists to make more confident inferences about a general population from the results obtained from the sample analysis or study:
* Such samples must be representative of the chosen population studied.
* They must be randomly chosen, meaning that each member of the larger population has an equal chance of being chosen.
* They must be large enough so as not to skew the results. The optimal size of the sample group depends on the precise degree of confidence required for making an inference.
Representative sampling and random sampling are two techniques used to help ensure data is free of bias. These sampling techniques are not mutually exclusive and, in fact, they are often used in tandem to reduce the degree of sampling error in an analysis and allow for greater confidence in making statistical inferences from the sample in regard to the larger group.
Representative Sample
A representative sample is a group or set chosen from a larger statistical population or group of factors or instances that adequately replicates the larger group according to whatever characteristic or quality is under study.
A representative sample parallels key variables and characteristics of the large society under examination. Some examples include sex, age, education level, socioeconomic status (SES), or marital status. A larger sample size reduced sampling error and increases the likelihood that the sample accurately reflects the target population.
Random Sample
A random sample is a group or set chosen from a larger population or group of factors of instances in a random manner that allows for each member of the larger group to have an equal chance of being chosen. A random sample is meant to be an unbiased representation of the larger population. It is considered a fair way to select a sample from a larger population since every member of the population has an equal chance of getting selected.
Special Considerations:
People collecting samples need to ensure that bias is minimized. Representative sampling is one of the key methods of achieving this because such samples replicate as closely as possible elements of the larger population under study. This alone, however, is not enough to make the sampling bias negligible. Combining the random sampling technique with the representative sampling method reduces bias further because no specific member of the representative population has a greater chance of selection into the sample than any other.
Summarize this article in 250 words.
asked 2020-10-23
The table below shows the number of people for three different race groups who were shot by police that were either armed or unarmed. These values are very close to the exact numbers. They have been changed slightly for each student to get a unique problem.
Suspect was Armed:
Black - 543
White - 1176
Hispanic - 378
Total - 2097
Suspect was unarmed:
Black - 60
White - 67
Hispanic - 38
Total - 165
Total:
Black - 603
White - 1243
Hispanic - 416
Total - 2262
Give your answer as a decimal to at least three decimal places.
a) What percent are Black?
b) What percent are Unarmed?
c) In order for two variables to be Independent of each other, the P \((A and B) = P(A) \cdot P(B) P(A and B) = P(A) \cdot P(B).\)
This just means that the percentage of times that both things happen equals the individual percentages multiplied together (Only if they are Independent of each other).
Therefore, if a person's race is independent of whether they were killed being unarmed then the percentage of black people that are killed while being unarmed should equal the percentage of blacks times the percentage of Unarmed. Let's check this. Multiply your answer to part a (percentage of blacks) by your answer to part b (percentage of unarmed).
Remember, the previous answer is only correct if the variables are Independent.
d) Now let's get the real percent that are Black and Unarmed by using the table?
If answer c is "significantly different" than answer d, then that means that there could be a different percentage of unarmed people being shot based on race. We will check this out later in the course.
Let's compare the percentage of unarmed shot for each race.
e) What percent are White and Unarmed?
f) What percent are Hispanic and Unarmed?
If you compare answers d, e and f it shows the highest percentage of unarmed people being shot is most likely white.
Why is that?
This is because there are more white people in the United States than any other race and therefore there are likely to be more white people in the table. Since there are more white people in the table, there most likely would be more white and unarmed people shot by police than any other race. This pulls the percentage of white and unarmed up. In addition, there most likely would be more white and armed shot by police. All the percentages for white people would be higher, because there are more white people. For example, the table contains very few Hispanic people, and the percentage of people in the table that were Hispanic and unarmed is the lowest percentage.
Think of it this way. If you went to a college that was 90% female and 10% male, then females would most likely have the highest percentage of A grades. They would also most likely have the highest percentage of B, C, D and F grades
The correct way to compare is "conditional probability". Conditional probability is getting the probability of something happening, given we are dealing with just the people in a particular group.
g) What percent of blacks shot and killed by police were unarmed?
h) What percent of whites shot and killed by police were unarmed?
i) What percent of Hispanics shot and killed by police were unarmed?
You can see by the answers to part g and h, that the percentage of blacks that were unarmed and killed by police is approximately twice that of whites that were unarmed and killed by police.
j) Why do you believe this is happening?
Do a search on the internet for reasons why blacks are more likely to be killed by police. Read a few articles on the topic. Write your response using the articles as references. Give the websites used in your response. Your answer should be several sentences long with at least one website listed. This part of this problem will be graded after the due date.
Suspect was Armed:
Black - 543
White - 1176
Hispanic - 378
Total - 2097
Suspect was unarmed:
Black - 60
White - 67
Hispanic - 38
Total - 165
Total:
Black - 603
White - 1243
Hispanic - 416
Total - 2262
Give your answer as a decimal to at least three decimal places.
a) What percent are Black?
b) What percent are Unarmed?
c) In order for two variables to be Independent of each other, the P \((A and B) = P(A) \cdot P(B) P(A and B) = P(A) \cdot P(B).\)
This just means that the percentage of times that both things happen equals the individual percentages multiplied together (Only if they are Independent of each other).
Therefore, if a person's race is independent of whether they were killed being unarmed then the percentage of black people that are killed while being unarmed should equal the percentage of blacks times the percentage of Unarmed. Let's check this. Multiply your answer to part a (percentage of blacks) by your answer to part b (percentage of unarmed).
Remember, the previous answer is only correct if the variables are Independent.
d) Now let's get the real percent that are Black and Unarmed by using the table?
If answer c is "significantly different" than answer d, then that means that there could be a different percentage of unarmed people being shot based on race. We will check this out later in the course.
Let's compare the percentage of unarmed shot for each race.
e) What percent are White and Unarmed?
f) What percent are Hispanic and Unarmed?
If you compare answers d, e and f it shows the highest percentage of unarmed people being shot is most likely white.
Why is that?
This is because there are more white people in the United States than any other race and therefore there are likely to be more white people in the table. Since there are more white people in the table, there most likely would be more white and unarmed people shot by police than any other race. This pulls the percentage of white and unarmed up. In addition, there most likely would be more white and armed shot by police. All the percentages for white people would be higher, because there are more white people. For example, the table contains very few Hispanic people, and the percentage of people in the table that were Hispanic and unarmed is the lowest percentage.
Think of it this way. If you went to a college that was 90% female and 10% male, then females would most likely have the highest percentage of A grades. They would also most likely have the highest percentage of B, C, D and F grades
The correct way to compare is "conditional probability". Conditional probability is getting the probability of something happening, given we are dealing with just the people in a particular group.
g) What percent of blacks shot and killed by police were unarmed?
h) What percent of whites shot and killed by police were unarmed?
i) What percent of Hispanics shot and killed by police were unarmed?
You can see by the answers to part g and h, that the percentage of blacks that were unarmed and killed by police is approximately twice that of whites that were unarmed and killed by police.
j) Why do you believe this is happening?
Do a search on the internet for reasons why blacks are more likely to be killed by police. Read a few articles on the topic. Write your response using the articles as references. Give the websites used in your response. Your answer should be several sentences long with at least one website listed. This part of this problem will be graded after the due date.
asked 2020-11-26
The university conducted a study to observe the efficiency of students to see whether students do better when they study all at once or in intervals.
One group of 12 participants participated in the survey after studying for one hour continuously.
The other group of 12 participated in the survey after studying for three twenty-minute sessions.
As per the survey, results group 1 had a mean score of 75 and a variance of 120.
Second group had a mean score of 86 and a variance of 100. Assuming the normal populations, independent samples, and equal population variances conditions hold, are the mean test scores of these two groups significantly different at the 0.05 level?
One group of 12 participants participated in the survey after studying for one hour continuously.
The other group of 12 participated in the survey after studying for three twenty-minute sessions.
As per the survey, results group 1 had a mean score of 75 and a variance of 120.
Second group had a mean score of 86 and a variance of 100. Assuming the normal populations, independent samples, and equal population variances conditions hold, are the mean test scores of these two groups significantly different at the 0.05 level?
asked 2020-11-08
Write the Different Ways of Measuring Angles The custom of measuring angles using degrees, with \(\displaystyle{360}^{\circ}\) in a circle, dates back to the ancient
Babylonians, who used a number system based on groups of 60. Another system of measuring angles divides the circle into 400 units, called grads. In this system a right angle is 100 grad, so this fits in with our base 10 number system.
Write a short essay comparing the advantages and disadvantages of these two systems and the radian system of measuring angles. Which system do you prefer?
Why?
Babylonians, who used a number system based on groups of 60. Another system of measuring angles divides the circle into 400 units, called grads. In this system a right angle is 100 grad, so this fits in with our base 10 number system.
Write a short essay comparing the advantages and disadvantages of these two systems and the radian system of measuring angles. Which system do you prefer?
Why?
asked 2020-11-01
Identify the appropriate hypothesis test for each of the following research situations using the options: The null hypothesis, The Test Statistics, The Sample Statistic, The Standard Error, and The Alpha Level.
A researcher conducts a cross-sectional developmental study to determine whether there is a significant difference in vocabulary skills between 8-year-old and 10-year-old children. A researcher determines that 8% of the males enrolled in Introductory Psychology have some form of color blindness, compared to only 2% of the females. Is there a significant relationship between color blindness and gender?
A researcher records the daily sugar consumption and the activity level for each of 20 children enrolled in a summer camp program. The researcher would like to determine whether there is a significant relationship between sugar consumption and activity level.
A researcher would like to determine whether a 4-week therapy program produces significant changes in behavior. A group of 25 participants is measured before therapy, at the end of therapy, and again 3 months after therapy.
A researcher would like to determine whether a new program for teaching mathematics is significantly better than the old program. It is suspected that the new program will be very effective for small-group instruction but probably will not work well with large classes. The research study involves comparing four groups of students: a small class taught by the new method, a large class taught by the new method, a small class taught by the old method, and a large class taught by the old method.
A researcher conducts a cross-sectional developmental study to determine whether there is a significant difference in vocabulary skills between 8-year-old and 10-year-old children. A researcher determines that 8% of the males enrolled in Introductory Psychology have some form of color blindness, compared to only 2% of the females. Is there a significant relationship between color blindness and gender?
A researcher records the daily sugar consumption and the activity level for each of 20 children enrolled in a summer camp program. The researcher would like to determine whether there is a significant relationship between sugar consumption and activity level.
A researcher would like to determine whether a 4-week therapy program produces significant changes in behavior. A group of 25 participants is measured before therapy, at the end of therapy, and again 3 months after therapy.
A researcher would like to determine whether a new program for teaching mathematics is significantly better than the old program. It is suspected that the new program will be very effective for small-group instruction but probably will not work well with large classes. The research study involves comparing four groups of students: a small class taught by the new method, a large class taught by the new method, a small class taught by the old method, and a large class taught by the old method.
