# A correlational study is designed to? a) assess the association between two interval measures. b) assess the association between two categorical variables c) compare the means of three or more groups d) manipulate the independent variables

Question
Study design
A correlational study is designed to?
a) assess the association between two interval measures.
b) assess the association between two categorical variables
c) compare the means of three or more groups
d) manipulate the independent variables

2021-02-25
Step 1
In this question, we have to tell which option is correct about the correlation study,
Step 2
A correlation coefficient is a method to measure how two variables are related to each other and also what kind of relationship is there between these two variables. Correlation study is helpful when the data is in numerical form and for the categorical form data, we use the chi square distribution access the association. Correlation does not compare the means of two or more groups as well it does not manipulate the independent variables. Therefore, Option A is correct “assess the association between two interval measures”
Step 3
Option A is correct “assess the association between two interval measures”

### Relevant Questions

The table below shows the number of people for three different race groups who were shot by police that were either armed or unarmed. These values are very close to the exact numbers. They have been changed slightly for each student to get a unique problem.
Suspect was Armed:
Black - 543
White - 1176
Hispanic - 378
Total - 2097
Suspect was unarmed:
Black - 60
White - 67
Hispanic - 38
Total - 165
Total:
Black - 603
White - 1243
Hispanic - 416
Total - 2262
Give your answer as a decimal to at least three decimal places.
a) What percent are Black?
b) What percent are Unarmed?
c) In order for two variables to be Independent of each other, the P $$(A and B) = P(A) \cdot P(B) P(A and B) = P(A) \cdot P(B).$$
This just means that the percentage of times that both things happen equals the individual percentages multiplied together (Only if they are Independent of each other).
Therefore, if a person's race is independent of whether they were killed being unarmed then the percentage of black people that are killed while being unarmed should equal the percentage of blacks times the percentage of Unarmed. Let's check this. Multiply your answer to part a (percentage of blacks) by your answer to part b (percentage of unarmed).
Remember, the previous answer is only correct if the variables are Independent.
d) Now let's get the real percent that are Black and Unarmed by using the table?
If answer c is "significantly different" than answer d, then that means that there could be a different percentage of unarmed people being shot based on race. We will check this out later in the course.
Let's compare the percentage of unarmed shot for each race.
e) What percent are White and Unarmed?
f) What percent are Hispanic and Unarmed?
If you compare answers d, e and f it shows the highest percentage of unarmed people being shot is most likely white.
Why is that?
This is because there are more white people in the United States than any other race and therefore there are likely to be more white people in the table. Since there are more white people in the table, there most likely would be more white and unarmed people shot by police than any other race. This pulls the percentage of white and unarmed up. In addition, there most likely would be more white and armed shot by police. All the percentages for white people would be higher, because there are more white people. For example, the table contains very few Hispanic people, and the percentage of people in the table that were Hispanic and unarmed is the lowest percentage.
Think of it this way. If you went to a college that was 90% female and 10% male, then females would most likely have the highest percentage of A grades. They would also most likely have the highest percentage of B, C, D and F grades
The correct way to compare is "conditional probability". Conditional probability is getting the probability of something happening, given we are dealing with just the people in a particular group.
g) What percent of blacks shot and killed by police were unarmed?
h) What percent of whites shot and killed by police were unarmed?
i) What percent of Hispanics shot and killed by police were unarmed?
You can see by the answers to part g and h, that the percentage of blacks that were unarmed and killed by police is approximately twice that of whites that were unarmed and killed by police.
j) Why do you believe this is happening?
Do a search on the internet for reasons why blacks are more likely to be killed by police. Read a few articles on the topic. Write your response using the articles as references. Give the websites used in your response. Your answer should be several sentences long with at least one website listed. This part of this problem will be graded after the due date.
Whether the given study depicts an observational study or a designed experiment and to identify the response variable.
The study is conducted to compare the battery lives of a brand-name battery and a generic plain-label battery in digital cameras. For this purpose, 30 digital cameras are randomly selected and divided into 2 groups, one of the groups uses the brand-name battery while the other one uses the generic plain-label battery. In both the cameras, pictures are taken under identical conditions by keeping all variables, except the battery-type, in control.
$$\displaystyle{b}{e}{g}\in{\left\lbrace{a}{r}{r}{a}{y}\right\rbrace}{\left\lbrace{\left|{c}\right|}{c}{\mid}\right\rbrace}{h}{l}\in{e}&{H}{o}{u}{s}{e}{w}{\quad\text{or}\quad}{k}{H}{o}{u}{r}{s}\backslash{h}{l}\in{e}{G}{e}{n}{d}{e}{r}&{S}{a}\mp\le\ {S}{i}{z}{e}&{M}{e}{a}{n}&{S}{\tan{{d}}}{a}{r}{d}\ {D}{e}{v}{i}{a}{t}{i}{o}{n}\backslash{h}{l}\in{e}{W}{o}{m}{e}{n}&{473473}&{33.133}{.1}&{14.214}{.2}\backslash{h}{l}\in{e}{M}{e}{n}&{488488}&{18.618}{.6}&{15.715}{.7}\backslash{e}{n}{d}{\left\lbrace{a}{r}{r}{a}{y}\right\rbrace}$$ a. Based on this​ study, calculate how many more hours per​ week, on the​ average, women spend on housework than men. b. Find the standard error for comparing the means. What factor causes the standard error to be small compared to the sample standard deviations for the two​ groups? The cause the standard error to be small compared to the sample standard deviations for the two groups. c. Calculate the​ 95% confidence interval comparing the population means for women Interpret the result including the relevance of 0 being within the interval or not. The​ 95% confidence interval for ​$$\displaystyle{\left(\mu_{{W}}-\mu_{{M}}​\right)}$$ is: (Round to two decimal places as​ needed.) The values in the​ 95% confidence interval are less than 0, are greater than 0, include 0, which implies that the population mean for women could be the same as is less than is greater than the population mean for men. d. State the assumptions upon which the interval in part c is based. Upon which assumptions below is the interval​ based? Select all that apply. A.The standard deviations of the two populations are approximately equal. B.The population distribution for each group is approximately normal. C.The samples from the two groups are independent. D.The samples from the two groups are random.
Is the gift you purchased for that special someone really appreciated? This was the question investigated in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 45, 2009). Toe researchers examined the link between engagement ring price (dollars) and level of appreciation of the recipient $$\displaystyle{\left(\text{measured on a 7-point scale where}\ {1}=\ \text{"not at all" and}\ {7}=\ \text{to a great extent"}\right)}.$$ Participants for the study were those who used a popular Web site for engaged couples. The Web site's directory was searched for those with "average" American names (e.g., "John Smith," "Sara Jones"). These individuals were then invited to participate in an online survey in exchange for a \$10 gift certificate. Of the respondents, those who paid really high or really low prices for the ring were excluded, leaving a sample size of 33 respondents. a) Identify the experimental units for this study. b) What are the variables of interest? Are they quantitative or qualitative in nature? c) Describe the population of interest. d) Do you believe the sample of 33 respondents is representative of the population? Explain. e. In a second, designed study, the researchers investigated whether the link between gift price and level of appreciation was stronger for birthday gift givers than for birthday gift receivers. Toe participants were randomly assigned to play the role of gift-giver or gift-receiver. Assume that the sample consists of 50 individuals. Use a random number generator to randomly assign 25 individuals to play the gift-receiver role and 25 to play the gift-giver role.
The article “Anodic Fenton Treatment of Treflan MTF” describes a two-factor experiment designed to study the sorption of the herbicide trifluralin. The factors are the initial trifluralin concentration and the $$\displaystyle{F}{e}^{{{2}}}\ :\ {H}_{{{2}}}\ {O}_{{{2}}}$$ delivery ratio. There were three replications for each treatment. The results presented in the following table are consistent with the means and standard deviations reported in the article. $$\displaystyle{b}{e}{g}\in{\left\lbrace{m}{a}{t}{r}{i}{x}\right\rbrace}\text{Initial Concentration (M)}&\text{Delivery Ratio}&\text{Sorption (%)}\ {15}&{1}:{0}&{10.90}\quad{8.47}\quad{12.43}\ {15}&{1}:{1}&{3.33}\quad{2.40}\quad{2.67}\ {15}&{1}:{5}&{0.79}\quad{0.76}\quad{0.84}\ {15}&{1}:{10}&{0.54}\quad{0.69}\quad{0.57}\ {40}&{1}:{0}&{6.84}\quad{7.68}\quad{6.79}\ {40}&{1}:{1}&{1.72}\quad{1.55}\quad{1.82}\ {40}&{1}:{5}&{0.68}\quad{0.83}\quad{0.89}\ {40}&{1}:{10}&{0.58}\quad{1.13}\quad{1.28}\ {100}&{1}:{0}&{6.61}\quad{6.66}\quad{7.43}\ {100}&{1}:{1}&{1.25}\quad{1.46}\quad{1.49}\ {100}&{1}:{5}&{1.17}\quad{1.27}\quad{1.16}\ {100}&{1}:{10}&{0.93}&{0.67}&{0.80}\ {e}{n}{d}{\left\lbrace{m}{a}{t}{r}{i}{x}\right\rbrace}$$ a) Estimate all main effects and interactions. b) Construct an ANOVA table. You may give ranges for the P-values. c) Is the additive model plausible? Provide the value of the test statistic, its null distribution, and the P-value.
In the 1970s a study was conducted in Philadelphia in which 500 cases were randomly assigned to treatments for the common cold: 250 subjects received the medication and 250 received a placebo. A total of 383 patients improved within 24 hours. Of those who received the medication 241 improved within 24 hours and of those who received the placebo 142 improved within 24 hours. A test of significance was conducted on the following hypotheses.
$$\displaystyle{H}_{{o}}$$: The rates for the two treatments are equal.
$$\displaystyle{H}_{{a}}$$: The treatment of medication has a higher improvement rate.
This test resulted in a p-value of 0.0761.
a.) Interpret what this p-value measures in the context of this study.
b.) Based on this p-value and study design, what conclusion should be drawn in the context of this study? Use a significance level of $$\displaystyle\alpha={0.05}$$.
c.) Based on your conclusion in part (b), which type of error, Type I or Type II, could have been made? What is one potential consequence of this error?
The American Journal of Political Science (Apr. 2014) published a study on a woman's impact in mixed-gender deliberating groups. The researchers randomly assigned subjects to one of several 5-member decision-making groups. The groups' gender composition varied as follows: 0 females, 1 female, 2 females, 3 females, 4 females, or 5 females. Each group was the n randomly assigned to utilize one of two types of decision rules: unanimous or majority rule. Ten groups were created for each of the $$\displaystyle{6}\ \times\ {2}={12}$$ combinations of gender composition and decision rule. One variable of interest, measured for each group, was the number of words spoken by women on a certain topic per 1,000 total words spoken during the deliberations. a) Why is this experiment considered a designed study? b) Identify the experimental unit and dependent variable in this study. c) Identify the factors and treatments for this study.
c) Using an $$\displaystyle\alpha\le{v}{e}{l}{o}{f}{.05}{\left(\alpha={.05}\right)}$$, identify the critical values of t for a 2-tailed test.