# One hundred adults and children were randomly selected and asked whether they spoke more than one language fluently. The data were recorded in a two-way table. Maria and Brennan each used the data to make the tables of joint relative frequencies shown below, but their results are slightly different. The difference is shaded. Can you tell by looking at the tables which of them made an error? Explain. begin{array}{c|c}&Yes&Nohlinetext{Children}&0.15&0.25hlinetext{Adults}&0.1&0.6end{array}

Question
Two-way tables
One hundred adults and children were randomly selected and asked whether they spoke more than one language fluently. The data were recorded in a two-way table. Maria and Brennan each used the data to make the tables of joint relative frequencies shown below, but their results are slightly different. The difference is shaded. Can you tell by looking at the tables which of them made an error? Explain.
$$\begin{array}{c|c}&Yes&No\\\hline\text{Children}&0.15&0.25\\\hline\text{Adults}&0.1&0.6\end{array}$$

2021-01-28
We determine the marginal relative frequencies using Maria's table:
$$\begin{array}{c|c}&Yes&No&\text{Total}\\\hline\text{Children}&0.15&0.25&0.40\\\hline\text{Adults}&0.1&0.6&0.7\\\hline\text{Total}&0.25&0.85&1.1\end{array}$$
We determine the marginal relative frequencies using Brennan's table:
$$\begin{array}{c|c}&Yes&No&\text{Total}\\\hline\text{Children}&0.15&0.25&0.40\\\hline\text{Adults}&0.1&0.5&0.6\\\hline\text{Total}&0.25&0.75&1.0\end{array}$$
Maris's table is wrong because the number in the lower right cell is not 1. Brennan's table is correct.
Result: Maria's table

### Relevant Questions

1950 randomly selected adults were asked if they think they are financially better off than their parents. The following table gives the two-way classification of the responses based on the education levels of the persons included in the survey and whether they are financially better off, the same as, or worse off than their parents
$$\begin{array}{|c|c|c|}\hline &\text{Less Than High School}&\text{High School}&\text{More Than High School}\\\hline \text{Better off} &140&440&430\\ \hline \text{Same as}&60&230&110\\ \hline \text{Worse off}&180&280&80\\ \hline\end{array}\\$$
Suppose one adult is selected at random from these 1950 adults. Find the following probablity.
Round your answer to three decimal places.
$$P(\text{more than high school or worse off})=?$$
We will now add support for register-memory ALU operations to the classic five-stage RISC pipeline. To offset this increase in complexity, all memory addressing will be restricted to register indirect (i.e., all addresses are simply a value held in a register; no offset or displacement may be added to the register value). For example, the register-memory instruction add x4, x5, (x1) means add the contents of register x5 to the contents of the memory location with address equal to the value in register x1 and put the sum in register x4. Register-register ALU operations are unchanged. The following items apply to the integer RISC pipeline:
a. List a rearranged order of the five traditional stages of the RISC pipeline that will support register-memory operations implemented exclusively by register indirect addressing.
b. Describe what new forwarding paths are needed for the rearranged pipeline by stating the source, destination, and information transferred on each needed new path.
c. For the reordered stages of the RISC pipeline, what new data hazards are created by this addressing mode? Give an instruction sequence illustrating each new hazard.
d. List all of the ways that the RISC pipeline with register-memory ALU operations can have a different instruction count for a given program than the original RISC pipeline. Give a pair of specific instruction sequences, one for the original pipeline and one for the rearranged pipeline, to illustrate each way.
Hint for (d): Give a pair of instruction sequences where the RISC pipeline has “more” instructions than the reg-mem architecture. Also give a pair of instruction sequences where the RISC pipeline has “fewer” instructions than the reg-mem architecture.
A random sample of 2,500 people was selected, and the people were asked to give their favorite season. Their responses, along with their age group, are summarized in the two-way table below.
$$\begin{array}{c|cccc|c} & \text {Winter} &\text{Spring}& \text {Summer } & \text {Fall}& \text {Total}\\ \hline \text {Children} & 30 & 0 & 170&0&200 \\ \text{Teens} & 150 & 75 & 250&25&500 \\ \text {Adults } & 250 & 250 & 250&250&1000 \\ \text {Seniors} & 300 & 150 & 50&300&800 \\ \hline \text {Total} & 730 & 475 & 720 &575&2500 \end{array}$$
Among those whose favorite season is spring, what proportion are adults?
$$a) \frac{250}{1000}$$
$$b) \frac{250}{2500}$$
$$c) \frac{475}{2500}$$
$$d) \frac{250}{475}$$
$$e) \frac{225}{475}$$
The table below shows the number of people for three different race groups who were shot by police that were either armed or unarmed. These values are very close to the exact numbers. They have been changed slightly for each student to get a unique problem.
Suspect was Armed:
Black - 543
White - 1176
Hispanic - 378
Total - 2097
Suspect was unarmed:
Black - 60
White - 67
Hispanic - 38
Total - 165
Total:
Black - 603
White - 1243
Hispanic - 416
Total - 2262
Give your answer as a decimal to at least three decimal places.
a) What percent are Black?
b) What percent are Unarmed?
c) In order for two variables to be Independent of each other, the P $$(A and B) = P(A) \cdot P(B) P(A and B) = P(A) \cdot P(B).$$
This just means that the percentage of times that both things happen equals the individual percentages multiplied together (Only if they are Independent of each other).
Therefore, if a person's race is independent of whether they were killed being unarmed then the percentage of black people that are killed while being unarmed should equal the percentage of blacks times the percentage of Unarmed. Let's check this. Multiply your answer to part a (percentage of blacks) by your answer to part b (percentage of unarmed).
Remember, the previous answer is only correct if the variables are Independent.
d) Now let's get the real percent that are Black and Unarmed by using the table?
If answer c is "significantly different" than answer d, then that means that there could be a different percentage of unarmed people being shot based on race. We will check this out later in the course.
Let's compare the percentage of unarmed shot for each race.
e) What percent are White and Unarmed?
f) What percent are Hispanic and Unarmed?
If you compare answers d, e and f it shows the highest percentage of unarmed people being shot is most likely white.
Why is that?
This is because there are more white people in the United States than any other race and therefore there are likely to be more white people in the table. Since there are more white people in the table, there most likely would be more white and unarmed people shot by police than any other race. This pulls the percentage of white and unarmed up. In addition, there most likely would be more white and armed shot by police. All the percentages for white people would be higher, because there are more white people. For example, the table contains very few Hispanic people, and the percentage of people in the table that were Hispanic and unarmed is the lowest percentage.
Think of it this way. If you went to a college that was 90% female and 10% male, then females would most likely have the highest percentage of A grades. They would also most likely have the highest percentage of B, C, D and F grades
The correct way to compare is "conditional probability". Conditional probability is getting the probability of something happening, given we are dealing with just the people in a particular group.
g) What percent of blacks shot and killed by police were unarmed?
h) What percent of whites shot and killed by police were unarmed?
i) What percent of Hispanics shot and killed by police were unarmed?
You can see by the answers to part g and h, that the percentage of blacks that were unarmed and killed by police is approximately twice that of whites that were unarmed and killed by police.
j) Why do you believe this is happening?
Do a search on the internet for reasons why blacks are more likely to be killed by police. Read a few articles on the topic. Write your response using the articles as references. Give the websites used in your response. Your answer should be several sentences long with at least one website listed. This part of this problem will be graded after the due date.
A survey of 4826 randomly selected young adults (aged 19 to 25 ) asked, "What do you think are the chances you will have much more than a middle-class income at age 30? The two-way table summarizes the responses.
$$\begin{array} {c|cc|c} & \text { Female } & \text { Male } & \text { Total } \\ \hline \text { Almost no chance } & 96 & 98 & 194 \\ \hline \text { Some chance but probably not } & 426 & 286 & 712 \\ \hline \text { A 50-50 chance } & 696 & 720 & 1416 \\ \hline \text { A good chance } & 663 & 758 & 1421 \\ \hline \text { Almost certain } & 486 & 597 & 1083 \\ \hline \text { Total } & 2367 & 2459 & 4826 \end{array}$$
Choose a survey respondent at random. Define events G: a good chance, M: male, and N: almost no chance. Given that the chosen student didn't say "almost no chance," what's the probability that this person is female? Write your answer as a probability statement using correct symbols for the events.

A survey of 4826 randomly selected young adults (aged 19 to 25 ) asked, "What do you think are the chances you will have much more than a middle-class income at age 30?" The two-way table summarizes the responses. $$\begin{array} {lc} & \text{Gender} \ \text {Opinion} & \begin{array}{l|c|c|c} & Female & Male & Total \\ \hline \text{Almost no chance} & 96 & 98 & 194 \\ \hline \begin{array}{l} \text{Some chance but} \\ \text{probably not} \end{array} & 426 & 286 & 712 \\ \hline A\ 50-50\ chance & 696 & 720 & 1416 \\ \hline \text{A good chance} & 663 & 758 & 1421 \\ \hline \text{Almost certain} & 486 & 597 & 1083 \\ \hline Total & 2367 & 2459 & 4826 \end{array}\ \end{array}$$

Choose a survey respondent at random. Define events G: a good chance, M: male, and N: almost no chance. Find P(G | M). Interpret this value in context.

The following two-way contingency table gives the breakdown of the population of adults in a town according to their highest level of education and whether or not they regularly take vitamins:
$$\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|} \hline \text {Education}& \text {Use of vitamins takes} &\text{Does not take}\\ \hline \text {No High School Diploma} & 0.03 & 0.07 \\ \hline \text{High School Diploma} & 0.11 & 0.39 \\ \hline \text {Undergraduate Degree} & 0.09 & 0.27 \\ \hline \text {Graduate Degree} & 0.02 & 0.02 \\ \hline \end{array}$$
You select a person at random. What is the probability the person does not take vitamins regularly?

A group of 125 truck owners were asked what brand of truck they owned and whether or not the truck has four-wheel drive. The results are summarized in the two-way table below. Suppose we randomly select one of these truck owners.
$$\begin{array}{c|cc} & \text { Four-wheel drive} & \text { No four-wheel drive } \\\hline \text { Ford } & 28 & 17 \\ \text { Chevy } & 32 & 18 \\ \text { Dodge } & 20 & 10 \end{array}$$
What is the probability that the person owns a Dodge or has four-wheel drive?
$$(a) \frac{20}{80}$$
$$(b) \frac{20}{125}$$
$$(c) \frac{80}{125}$$
$$(d) \frac{90}{125}$$
$$(e) \frac{110}{125}$$
$$\begin{array}{c|c}& 4th\ grade & 5th\ grade & 6th\ grade &Total \\ \hline Grades &49&50&69&168\\ \text{Athletic} &24&36&38&98\\ \text{Popular}\ &19&22&28&69\\ \hline \text{Total} & 92 & 108 & 135 &335 \end{array}$$
$$\begin{array}{c|c} & 4th\ grade & 5th\ grade & 6th\ grade &Total \\ \hline Grades &49&50&69&168\\ Athletic &24&36&38&98\\ Popular\ &19&22&28&69\\ \hline Total & 92 & 108 & 135 &335 \end{array}$$