Ivy conducted a taste test for 4 different brands of chocolate chip cookies. Here is a two-way table that describes which cookie each subject preferre

A survey of 4826 randomly selected young adults (aged 19 to 25) asked, "What do you think are the chances you will have much more than a middle-class income at age 30?" The two-way table summarizes the responses.
$\begin{array}{cccc}& \text{ Female }& \text{ Male }& \text{ Total }\\ \text{ Almost no chance }& 96& 98& 194\\ \text{ Some chance but }\text{ probably not }& 426& 286& 712\\ \text{ A 50-50 chance }& 696& 720& 1416\\ \text{ A good chance }& 663& 758& 1421\\ \text{ Almost certain }& 486& 597& 1083\\ \text{ Total }& 2367& 2459& 4826\end{array}$
Choose a survey respondent at random. Define events G: a good chance, M: male, and N: almost no chance. Find $P(C\mid M)$. Interpret this value in context.

The two-way table summarizes data on whether students at a certain high school eat regularly in the school cafeteria by grade level.

$\text{Grade}\text{Eat in cafeteria}\begin{array}{lrrrrr}& 9\mathrm{th}& 10\mathrm{th}& 11\mathrm{th}& 12\mathrm{th}& \text{ Total }\\ \text{ Yes }& 130& 175& 122& 68& 495\\ \text{ No }& 18& 34& 88& 170& 310\\ \text{ Total }& 148& 209& 210& 238& 805\end{array}$

If you choose a student at random who eats regularly in the cafeteria, what is the probability that the student is a 10th-grader?

The General Social Survey (GSS) asked a random sample of adults their opinion about whether astrology is very scientific, sort of scientific, or not at all scientific. Here is a two-way table of counts for people in the sample who had three levels of higher education:
$\begin{array}{lcccc}& \text{ Associate's }& \text{ Bachelor's }& \text{ Master's }& \text{ Total }\\ \begin{array}{c}\text{ Not al all }\\ \text{ scientific }\end{array}& 169& 256& 114& 539\\ \begin{array}{c}\text{ Very or sort }\\ \text{ of scientific }\end{array}& 65& 65& 18& 148\\ \text{ Total }& 234& 321& 132& 687\end{array}$
State appropriate hypotheses for performing a chi-square test for independence in this setting.

Do male and female students have different favorite seasons? The two-way table shows the favorite season and gender for a simple random sample of 89 high school juniors and seniors in the United States from the Census At School database. Is there convincing evidence of an association between gender and favorite season for students like those who participated in the Census At School survey?