# Find the x- and y-intercepts for both of the zero-net-growth isoclines, using the parameter values given below. displaystyle{r}{1}={1} displaystyleк{2}={1} displaystyle{s}{1},{1}=-{0.02} displaystyle{s}{1},{2}=-{0.01} displaystyle{s}{2},{2}=-{0.02} displaystyle{s}{2},{1}=-{0.01} What are the general requirements for competing species to coexist? Based on the values for our two species, will the species coexist? How do you know?

Question
Modeling data distributions
Find the x- and y-intercepts for both of the zero-net-growth isoclines, using the parameter values given below.
$$\displaystyle{r}{1}={1}$$
$$\displaystyleк{2}={1}$$
$$\displaystyle{s}{1},{1}=-{0.02}$$
$$\displaystyle{s}{1},{2}=-{0.01}$$
$$\displaystyle{s}{2},{2}=-{0.02}$$
$$\displaystyle{s}{2},{1}=-{0.01}$$
What are the general requirements for competing species to coexist? Based on the values for our two species, will the species coexist? How do you know?

2021-01-25
Importance: Competitive interactions between organisms can have a great deal of influence on species evolution, the structuring of communities (which species coexist, which don't, relative abundances, etc.), and the distributions of species (where they occur). Modeling these interactions provides a useful framework for predicting outcomes. Question: Under what circumstances can two species coexist? Under what circumstances does one species outcompete another?
Variables:
N population size
t time
K carrying capacity
r intrinsic rate of increase
a competition coefficient
Methods: The logistic equation below models a rate of population increase that is limited by intraspecific competition (i.e., members of the same species competing with one another).
The first term on the right side of the equation (rN, the intrinsic rate of increase [r] times the population size [N]) describes a population's growth in the absence of competition.
The second term $$\displaystyle{\left(\frac{{{K}-{N}}}{{K}}\right)}$$ incorporates intraspecific competition, or density-dependence, into the model, and takes a value between 0 and 1. As population size (N) approaches carrying capacity (K), the numerator (K-N) becomes smaller but the denominator (K) stays the same and the second term decreases.
The addition of this term describes a rate of population growth that slows down as population size increases, until the population reaches its carrying capacity. In other words, the growth curve described by the logistic equation is sigmoidal, and the rate of growth depends on the density of the population.
The logistic equation can be modified to include the effects of interspecific competition as well as intraspecific competition. The Lotka-Volterra model of interspecific competition is comprised of the following equations for population 1 and population 2, respectively:
The big difference (other than the subscripts denoting populations 1 and 2) is the addition of a term involving the competition coefficient, a. The competition coefficient represents the effect that one species has on the other: a12represents the effect of species 2 on species 1, and a21represents the effect of species 1 on species 2 (the first number of the subscript always refers to the species being affected). In the first equation of the Lotka-Volterra model of interspecific competition, the effect that species 2 has on species 1 (a12) is multiplied by the population size of species 2 (N2). When a12 is $$\displaystyle<{1}$$</span> the effect of species 2 on species 1 is less than the effect of species 1 on its own members. Conversely, when a12is $$\displaystyle>{1}$$ the effect of species 2 on species 1 is greater than the effect of species 1 on its own members. The product of the competition coefficient, a12, and the population size of species 2, N2, therefore represents the effect of an equivalent number of individuals of species 1, and is included in the intraspecific competition, or density-dependence, term. The a21N1 term in the second equation is interpreted in the same way.
To understand the predictions of the model it is helpful to look at graphs that show how the size of each population increases or decreases when we start with different combinations of species abundances (i.e., low N1 low N2, high N1 low N2, etc.). These graphs are called state-space graphs, in which the abundance of species 1 is plotted on the x-axis and the abundance of species 2 is plotted on the y-axis. Each point in a state-space graph represents a combination of abundances of the two species. For each species there is a straight line on the graph called a zero isocline. Any given point along, for example, species 1's zero isocline represents a combination of abundances of the two species where the species 1 population does not increase or decrease (the zero isocline for a species is calculated by setting dN/dt, the growth rate, equal to zero and solving for N). The two graphs below show the zero isoclines for species 1.Note that the zero isoclines divide each graph into two parts. Below and to the left of the isocline the population size increases because the combined abundances of both species are less than the carrying capacity of the one, while above and to the right the population size decreases because the combined abundances are greater than the carrying capacity. For the graph of the isocline of species 1, the isocline intersects the graph on the x-axis when N1 reaches its carrying capacity (K1) and no individuals of species 2 are present. The isocline intersects the graph on the y-axis at K1/a12, when the carrying capacity of species 1 is filled by the equivalent number of individuals of species 2 and no individuals of species 1 are present. The intersections of the isocline for species 2 are essentially the same, but on different axes. Interpretation: The first scenario is one in which the isocline for species 1 is above and to the right of the isocline for species two. For any point in the lower left corner of the graph (i.e., any combination of species abundances), both populations are below their respective isoclines and both increase. For any point in the upper right corner of the graph, both species are above their respective isoclines and both decrease. For any point in between the two isoclines, species 1 is still below its isocline and increases, while species 2 is above its isocline and decreases. The joint movement of the two populations (thick black arrows) is down and to the right, so species 2 is driven to extinction and species 1 increases until it reaches carrying capacity (K1). The open circle at this point represents a stable equilibrium. In this scenario, species 1 always outcompetes species 2, and is referred to as the competitive exclusion of species 2 by species 1.
The second scenario is the opposite of the first, the isocline of species 2 is above and to the right of the isocline for species 1. This graph can be interpreted in much the same way as the previous one, except that the joint trajectory of the two populations when starting in between the isoclines is up and to the left. In this case species 2 always outcompetes species 1, and species 1 is competitively excluded by species 2.
In the third scenario, the isoclines of the two species cross one another. Here, the carrying capacity of species 1 (K1) is higher than the carrying capacity of species 2 divided by the competition coefficient $$\displaystyle{\left(\frac{{{K}{2}}}{{{a}{21}}}\right)}$$, and the carrying capacity of species 2 (K2) is higher than the carrying capacity of species 1 divided by the competition coefficient $$\displaystyle{\left(\frac{{{K}{1}}}{{{a}{12}}}\right)}$$. Below both isoclines and above both isoclines the populations increase or decrease as in the first two scenarios, and there is an unstable equilibrium point (closed circle) where the isoclines intersect. For points above the dashed pink line (species 2 isocline) and below the solid yellow line (species 1 isocline), the outcome is the same as in the first scenario: competitive exclusion of species 2 by species 1. On the other hand, for points above the solid yellow line (species 1 isocline) and below the dashed pink line (species 2 isocline), the outcome is the same as in the second scenario: competitive exclusion of species 1 by species 2. The two stable equilibrium points are again represented by open circles. In this scenario, the outcome depends on the initial abundances of the two species.
Finally, in the fourth scenario we can see that the isoclines cross one another, but in this case both species' carrying capacities are lower than the other's carrying capacity divided by the competition coefficient. Again, below both isoclines the populations increase and above both isoclines the populations decrease. In this case, however, when the populations of the two species are between the isoclines their joint trajectories always head toward the intersection of the isoclines. Rather than outcompeting one another, the two species are able to coexist at this stable equilibrium point (open circle). This is the outcome regardless of the initial abundances.
Conclusions: The Lotka-Volterra model of interspecific competition has been a useful starting point for biologists thinking about the outcomes of competitive interactions between species. The assumptions of the model (e.g., there can be no migration and the carrying capacities and competition coefficients for both species are constants) may not be very realistic, but are necessary simplifications. A variety of factors not included in the model can affect the outcome of competitive interactions by affecting the dynamics of one or both populations. Environmental change, disease, and chance are just a few of these factors.

### Relevant Questions

Testing for a Linear Correlation. In Exercises 13–28, construct a scatterplot, and find the value of the linear correlation coefficient r. Also find the P-value or the critical values of r from Table A-6. Use a significance level of $$\alpha = 0.05$$. Determine whether there is sufficient evidence to support a claim of a linear correlation between the two variables. (Save your work because the same data sets will be used in Section 10-2 exercises.) Lemons and Car Crashes Listed below are annual data for various years. The data are weights (metric tons) of lemons imported from Mexico and U.S. car crash fatality rates per 100,000 population [based on data from “The Trouble with QSAR (or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Embrace Fallacy),” by Stephen Johnson, Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, Vol. 48, No. 1]. Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that there is a linear correlation between weights of lemon imports from Mexico and U.S. car fatality rates? Do the results suggest that imported lemons cause car fatalities? $$\begin{matrix} \text{Lemon Imports} & 230 & 265 & 358 & 480 & 530\\ \text{Crashe Fatality Rate} & 15.9 & 15.7 & 15.4 & 15.3 & 14.9\\ \end{matrix}$$
A random sample of $$\displaystyle{n}_{{1}}={16}$$ communities in western Kansas gave the following information for people under 25 years of age.
$$\displaystyle{X}_{{1}}:$$ Rate of hay fever per 1000 population for people under 25
$$\begin{array}{|c|c|} \hline 97 & 91 & 121 & 129 & 94 & 123 & 112 &93\\ \hline 125 & 95 & 125 & 117 & 97 & 122 & 127 & 88 \\ \hline \end{array}$$
A random sample of $$\displaystyle{n}_{{2}}={14}$$ regions in western Kansas gave the following information for people over 50 years old.
$$\displaystyle{X}_{{2}}:$$ Rate of hay fever per 1000 population for people over 50
$$\begin{array}{|c|c|} \hline 94 & 109 & 99 & 95 & 113 & 88 & 110\\ \hline 79 & 115 & 100 & 89 & 114 & 85 & 96\\ \hline \end{array}$$
(i) Use a calculator to calculate $$\displaystyle\overline{{x}}_{{1}},{s}_{{1}},\overline{{x}}_{{2}},{\quad\text{and}\quad}{s}_{{2}}.$$ (Round your answers to two decimal places.)
(ii) Assume that the hay fever rate in each age group has an approximately normal distribution. Do the data indicate that the age group over 50 has a lower rate of hay fever? Use $$\displaystyle\alpha={0.05}.$$
(a) What is the level of significance?
State the null and alternate hypotheses.
$$\displaystyle{H}_{{0}}:\mu_{{1}}=\mu_{{2}},{H}_{{1}}:\mu_{{1}}<\mu_{{2}}$$
$$\displaystyle{H}_{{0}}:\mu_{{1}}=\mu_{{2}},{H}_{{1}}:\mu_{{1}}>\mu_{{2}}$$
$$\displaystyle{H}_{{0}}:\mu_{{1}}=\mu_{{2}},{H}_{{1}}:\mu_{{1}}\ne\mu_{{2}}$$
$$\displaystyle{H}_{{0}}:\mu_{{1}}>\mu_{{2}},{H}_{{1}}:\mu_{{1}}=\mu_{{12}}$$
(b) What sampling distribution will you use? What assumptions are you making?
The standard normal. We assume that both population distributions are approximately normal with known standard deviations.
The Student's t. We assume that both population distributions are approximately normal with unknown standard deviations,
The standard normal. We assume that both population distributions are approximately normal with unknown standard deviations,
The Student's t. We assume that both population distributions are approximately normal with known standard deviations,
What is the value of the sample test statistic? (Test the difference $$\displaystyle\mu_{{1}}-\mu_{{2}}$$. Round your answer to three decimalplaces.)
What is the value of the sample test statistic? (Test the difference $$\displaystyle\mu_{{1}}-\mu_{{2}}$$. Round your answer to three decimal places.)
(c) Find (or estimate) the P-value.
P-value $$\displaystyle>{0.250}$$
$$\displaystyle{0.125}<{P}-\text{value}<{0},{250}$$
$$\displaystyle{0},{050}<{P}-\text{value}<{0},{125}$$
$$\displaystyle{0},{025}<{P}-\text{value}<{0},{050}$$
$$\displaystyle{0},{005}<{P}-\text{value}<{0},{025}$$
P-value $$\displaystyle<{0.005}$$
Sketch the sampling distribution and show the area corresponding to the P-value.
P.vaiue Pevgiue
P-value f P-value
1. Find each of the requested values for a population with a mean of $$? = 40$$, and a standard deviation of $$? = 8$$ A. What is the z-score corresponding to $$X = 52?$$ B. What is the X value corresponding to $$z = - 0.50?$$ C. If all of the scores in the population are transformed into z-scores, what will be the values for the mean and standard deviation for the complete set of z-scores? D. What is the z-score corresponding to a sample mean of $$M=42$$ for a sample of $$n = 4$$ scores? E. What is the z-scores corresponding to a sample mean of $$M= 42$$ for a sample of $$n = 6$$ scores? 2. True or false: a. All normal distributions are symmetrical b. All normal distributions have a mean of 1.0 c. All normal distributions have a standard deviation of 1.0 d. The total area under the curve of all normal distributions is equal to 1 3. Interpret the location, direction, and distance (near or far) of the following zscores: $$a. -2.00 b. 1.25 c. 3.50 d. -0.34$$ 4. You are part of a trivia team and have tracked your team’s performance since you started playing, so you know that your scores are normally distributed with $$\mu = 78$$ and $$\sigma = 12$$. Recently, a new person joined the team, and you think the scores have gotten better. Use hypothesis testing to see if the average score has improved based on the following 8 weeks’ worth of score data: $$82, 74, 62, 68, 79, 94, 90, 81, 80$$. 5. You get hired as a server at a local restaurant, and the manager tells you that servers’ tips are $42 on average but vary about $$12 (\mu = 42, \sigma = 12)$$. You decide to track your tips to see if you make a different amount, but because this is your first job as a server, you don’t know if you will make more or less in tips. After working 16 shifts, you find that your average nightly amount is$44.50 from tips. Test for a difference between this value and the population mean at the $$\alpha = 0.05$$ level of significance.
Would you rather spend more federal taxes on art? Of a random sample of $$n_{1} = 86$$ politically conservative voters, $$r_{1} = 18$$ responded yes. Another random sample of $$n_{2} = 85$$ politically moderate voters showed that $$r_{2} = 21$$ responded yes. Does this information indicate that the population proportion of conservative voters inclined to spend more federal tax money on funding the arts is less than the proportion of moderate voters so inclined? Use $$\alpha = 0.05.$$ (a) State the null and alternate hypotheses. $$H_0:p_{1} = p_{2}, H_{1}:p_{1} > p_2$$
$$H_0:p_{1} = p_{2}, H_{1}:p_{1} < p_2$$
$$H_0:p_{1} = p_{2}, H_{1}:p_{1} \neq p_2$$
$$H_{0}:p_{1} < p_{2}, H_{1}:p_{1} = p_{2}$$ (b) What sampling distribution will you use? What assumptions are you making? The Student's t. The number of trials is sufficiently large. The standard normal. The number of trials is sufficiently large.The standard normal. We assume the population distributions are approximately normal. The Student's t. We assume the population distributions are approximately normal. (c)What is the value of the sample test statistic? (Test the difference $$p_{1} - p_{2}$$. Do not use rounded values. Round your final answer to two decimal places.) (d) Find (or estimate) the P-value. (Round your answer to four decimal places.) (e) Based on your answers in parts (a) to (c), will you reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis? Are the data statistically significant at level alpha? At the $$\alpha = 0.05$$ level, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude the data are statistically significant. At the $$\alpha = 0.05$$ level, we fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude the data are statistically significant. At the $$\alpha = 0.05$$ level, we fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude the data are not statistically significant. At the $$\alpha = 0.05$$ level, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude the data are not statistically significant. (f) Interpret your conclusion in the context of the application. Reject the null hypothesis, there is sufficient evidence that the proportion of conservative voters favoring more tax dollars for the arts is less than the proportion of moderate voters. Fail to reject the null hypothesis, there is sufficient evidence that the proportion of conservative voters favoring more tax dollars for the arts is less than the proportion of moderate voters. Fail to reject the null hypothesis, there is insufficient evidence that the proportion of conservative voters favoring more tax dollars for the arts is less than the proportion of moderate voters. Reject the null hypothesis, there is insufficient evidence that the proportion of conservative voters favoring more tax dollars for the arts is less than the proportion of moderate voters.
The table below shows the number of people for three different race groups who were shot by police that were either armed or unarmed. These values are very close to the exact numbers. They have been changed slightly for each student to get a unique problem.
Suspect was Armed:
Black - 543
White - 1176
Hispanic - 378
Total - 2097
Suspect was unarmed:
Black - 60
White - 67
Hispanic - 38
Total - 165
Total:
Black - 603
White - 1243
Hispanic - 416
Total - 2262
Give your answer as a decimal to at least three decimal places.
a) What percent are Black?
b) What percent are Unarmed?
c) In order for two variables to be Independent of each other, the P $$(A and B) = P(A) \cdot P(B) P(A and B) = P(A) \cdot P(B).$$
This just means that the percentage of times that both things happen equals the individual percentages multiplied together (Only if they are Independent of each other).
Therefore, if a person's race is independent of whether they were killed being unarmed then the percentage of black people that are killed while being unarmed should equal the percentage of blacks times the percentage of Unarmed. Let's check this. Multiply your answer to part a (percentage of blacks) by your answer to part b (percentage of unarmed).
Remember, the previous answer is only correct if the variables are Independent.
d) Now let's get the real percent that are Black and Unarmed by using the table?
If answer c is "significantly different" than answer d, then that means that there could be a different percentage of unarmed people being shot based on race. We will check this out later in the course.
Let's compare the percentage of unarmed shot for each race.
e) What percent are White and Unarmed?
f) What percent are Hispanic and Unarmed?
If you compare answers d, e and f it shows the highest percentage of unarmed people being shot is most likely white.
Why is that?
This is because there are more white people in the United States than any other race and therefore there are likely to be more white people in the table. Since there are more white people in the table, there most likely would be more white and unarmed people shot by police than any other race. This pulls the percentage of white and unarmed up. In addition, there most likely would be more white and armed shot by police. All the percentages for white people would be higher, because there are more white people. For example, the table contains very few Hispanic people, and the percentage of people in the table that were Hispanic and unarmed is the lowest percentage.
Think of it this way. If you went to a college that was 90% female and 10% male, then females would most likely have the highest percentage of A grades. They would also most likely have the highest percentage of B, C, D and F grades
The correct way to compare is "conditional probability". Conditional probability is getting the probability of something happening, given we are dealing with just the people in a particular group.
g) What percent of blacks shot and killed by police were unarmed?
h) What percent of whites shot and killed by police were unarmed?
i) What percent of Hispanics shot and killed by police were unarmed?
You can see by the answers to part g and h, that the percentage of blacks that were unarmed and killed by police is approximately twice that of whites that were unarmed and killed by police.
j) Why do you believe this is happening?
Do a search on the internet for reasons why blacks are more likely to be killed by police. Read a few articles on the topic. Write your response using the articles as references. Give the websites used in your response. Your answer should be several sentences long with at least one website listed. This part of this problem will be graded after the due date.
According to the article “Modeling and Predicting the Effects of Submerged Arc Weldment Process Parameters on Weldment Characteristics and Shape Profiles” (J. of Engr. Manuf., 2012: 1230–1240), the submerged arc welding (SAW) process is commonly used for joining thick plates and pipes. The heat affected zone (HAZ), a band created within the base metal during welding, was of particular interest to the investigators. Here are observations on depth (mm) of the HAZ both when the current setting was high and when it was lower. PSK\begin{matrix} Non-high & 1.04 & 1.15 & 1.23 & 1.69 & 1.92 & 1.98 & 2.36 & 2.49 & 2.72 & 1.37 & 1.43 & 1.57 & 1.71 & 1.94 & 2.06 & 2.55 & 2.64 & 2.82 \\ High & 1.55 & 2.02 & 2.02 & 2.05 & 2.35 & 2.57 & 2.93 & 2.94 & 2.97 \\ \end{matrix}ZSK c. Does it appear that true average HAZ depth is larger for the higher current condition than for the lower condition? Carry out a test of appropriate hypotheses using a significance level of .01.
An automobile tire manufacturer collected the data in the table relating tire pressure x​ (in pounds per square​ inch) and mileage​ (in thousands of​ miles). A mathematical model for the data is given by
$$\displaystyle​ f{{\left({x}\right)}}=-{0.554}{x}^{2}+{35.5}{x}-{514}.$$
$$\begin{array}{|c|c|} \hline x & Mileage \\ \hline 28 & 45 \\ \hline 30 & 51\\ \hline 32 & 56\\ \hline 34 & 50\\ \hline 36 & 46\\ \hline \end{array}$$
​(A) Complete the table below.
$$\begin{array}{|c|c|} \hline x & Mileage & f(x) \\ \hline 28 & 45 \\ \hline 30 & 51\\ \hline 32 & 56\\ \hline 34 & 50\\ \hline 36 & 46\\ \hline \end{array}$$
​(Round to one decimal place as​ needed.)
$$A. 20602060xf(x)$$
A coordinate system has a horizontal x-axis labeled from 20 to 60 in increments of 2 and a vertical y-axis labeled from 20 to 60 in increments of 2. Data points are plotted at (28,45), (30,51), (32,56), (34,50), and (36,46). A parabola opens downward and passes through the points (28,45.7), (30,52.4), (32,54.7), (34,52.6), and (36,46.0). All points are approximate.
$$B. 20602060xf(x)$$
Acoordinate system has a horizontal x-axis labeled from 20 to 60 in increments of 2 and a vertical y-axis labeled from 20 to 60 in increments of 2.
Data points are plotted at (43,30), (45,36), (47,41), (49,35), and (51,31). A parabola opens downward and passes through the points (43,30.7), (45,37.4), (47,39.7), (49,37.6), and (51,31). All points are approximate.
$$C. 20602060xf(x)$$
A coordinate system has a horizontal x-axis labeled from 20 to 60 in increments of 2 and a vertical y-axis labeled from 20 to 60 in increments of 2. Data points are plotted at (43,45), (45,51), (47,56), (49,50), and (51,46). A parabola opens downward and passes through the points (43,45.7), (45,52.4), (47,54.7), (49,52.6), and (51,46.0). All points are approximate.
$$D.20602060xf(x)$$
A coordinate system has a horizontal x-axis labeled from 20 to 60 in increments of 2 and a vertical y-axis labeled from 20 to 60 in increments of 2. Data points are plotted at (28,30), (30,36), (32,41), (34,35), and (36,31). A parabola opens downward and passes through the points (28,30.7), (30,37.4), (32,39.7), (34,37.6), and (36,31). All points are approximate.
​(C) Use the modeling function​ f(x) to estimate the mileage for a tire pressure of 29
$$\displaystyle​\frac{{{l}{b}{s}}}{{{s}{q}}}\in.$$ and for 35
$$\displaystyle​\frac{{{l}{b}{s}}}{{{s}{q}}}\in.$$
The mileage for the tire pressure $$\displaystyle{29}\frac{{{l}{b}{s}}}{{{s}{q}}}\in.$$ is
The mileage for the tire pressure $$\displaystyle{35}\frac{{{l}{b}{s}}}{{{s}{q}}}$$ in. is
(Round to two decimal places as​ needed.)
(D) Write a brief description of the relationship between tire pressure and mileage.
A. As tire pressure​ increases, mileage decreases to a minimum at a certain tire​ pressure, then begins to increase.
B. As tire pressure​ increases, mileage decreases.
C. As tire pressure​ increases, mileage increases to a maximum at a certain tire​ pressure, then begins to decrease.
D. As tire pressure​ increases, mileage increases.
Iron is very important for babies' growth. A common belief is that breastfeeding will help the baby to get more iron than formula feeding. To justify the belief, a study followed 2 groups of babies from born to 6 months. With one group babies are breast fed, and the other group are formula fed without iron supplements. Data below shows iron levels of those two groups of babies. $$\displaystyle{b}{e}{g}\in{\left\lbrace{a}{r}{r}{a}{y}\right\rbrace}{\left\lbrace{\left|{c}\right|}{c}{\mid}\right\rbrace}{h}{l}\in{e}{G}{r}{o}{u}{p}&{S}{a}\mp\le\ {s}{i}{z}{e}&{m}{e}{a}{n}&{S}{\tan{{d}}}{a}{r}{d}\ {d}{e}{v}{i}{a}{t}{i}{o}{n}\backslash{h}{l}\in{e}{B}{r}{e}\ast-{f}{e}{d}&{23}&{13.3}&{1.7}\backslash{h}{l}\in{e}{F}{\quad\text{or}\quad}\mu{l}{a}-{f}{e}{d}&{23}&{12.4}&{1.8}\backslash{h}{l}\in{e}{D}{I}{F}{F}={B}{r}{e}\ast-{F}{\quad\text{or}\quad}\mu{l}{a}&{23}&{0.9}&{1.4}\backslash{e}{n}{d}{\left\lbrace{a}{r}{r}{a}{y}\right\rbrace}$$ (1) There are two groups we need to compare for the study: Breast-Fed and Formula- Fed. Are those two groups dependent or independent? Based on your answer, what inference procedure should we apply for this research? (2) Please perform the inference you decided in (1), and make sure to follow the 5-step procedure for any hypothesis test. (3) Based on your conclusion in (2), what kind of error could you make? Explain the type of error using the context words for this research
(a) As soon as the infusion of Taxol is completed, the drug concentration in a patient’s blood is 1000 nanograms per milliliter $$\displaystyle{\left(\frac{{{n}{g}}}{{{m}{l}}}\right)}.$$ 12 hours later there is $$\displaystyle{50}\frac{{{n}{g}}}{{{m}{l}}}$$ left in the patient’s system. Use the data to construct an appropriate formula modeling the blood concentration of Taxol as a function of time after the infusion is completed.
(b) As soon as the infusion of Abraxane is completed, the drug concentration in a patient’s blood is 1000 nanograms per milliliter $$\displaystyle{\left(\frac{{{n}{g}}}{{{m}{l}}}\right)}$$. 24 hours later there is $$\displaystyle{50}\frac{{{n}{g}}}{{{m}{l}}}$$ left in the patient’s system. Use the data to construct an appropriate formula modeling the blood concentration of Abraxane as a function of time after the infusion is completed.
The following quadratic function in general form, $$\displaystyle{S}{\left({t}\right)}={5.8}{t}^{2}—{81.2}{t}+{1200}$$ models the number of luxury home sales, S(t), in a major Canadian urban area, according to statistical data gathered over a 12 year period. Luxury home sales are defined in this market as sales of properties worth over \$3 Million (inflation adjusted). In this case, $$\displaystyle{\left\lbrace{t}\right\rbrace}={\left\lbrace{0}\right\rbrace}{Z}{S}{K}\ \text{represents}\ {2000}{\quad\text{and}\quad}{\left\lbrace{t}\right\rbrace}={\left\lbrace{11}\right\rbrace}$$represents 2011. Use a calculator to find the year when the smallest number of luxury home sales occurred. Without sketching the function, interpret the meaning of this function, on the given practical domain, in one well-expressed sentence.